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Research library, reference

All 109 cited studies: PMID, DOI and what each paper measured

Every study cited anywhere in the research library, newest first. Each was read back from PubMed on 2026-10-05.

Written by the Peptency editorial teamLast reviewed

Research-use information. This page summarises published literature and regulator records. It is not guidance for use, not medical advice, and not a statement that any material is suitable for use in people or animals.

Which studies does the research library cite?

  1. [1] Demirtaş H. BPC 157 in Rodent Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: A Critical Review of Preclinical Evidence. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27.

    Critical review of preclinical evidence for BPC 157 in rodent ischaemia-reperfusion models, with attention to oxidative stress and endothelial nitric-oxide responses.

    ReviewPMID 42794771DOI 10.3390/ijms27188344

    Cited on: BPC-157

  2. [2] Carneiro GRA, da Costa Nunes IK, Dos Santos Cardoso GR, Dos Santos PF, Padilha MC, Nogueira FCS, et al.. Detection and Excretion Profile of Retatrutide in Human Plasma and Urine by LC-HRMS: Implications for Antidoping Analysis. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2026;40:e70179.

    LC-HRMS detection and excretion profile of retatrutide in human plasma and urine, for anti-doping analysis.

    Analytical chemistryPMID 42745421DOI 10.1002/rcm.70179

    Cited on: Retatrutide

  3. [3] Ding M, Li X, Wei Y, Wang J, Jiao B, Li C, et al.. Comparative effects of semaglutide tirzepatide and retatrutide on renal fibrosis in UUO and aged mice. iScience. 2026;29:117174.

    Compared semaglutide, tirzepatide and retatrutide in human kidney cells and in mouse models of renal fibrosis and ageing.

    In vitro and animal studyPMID 42630988DOI 10.1016/j.isci.2026.117174

    Cited on: Retatrutide

  4. [4] Rice MC, Imun M, Jung SW, Park CY, Kim JS, Lai RW, et al.. MOTS-c is a mitochondrial-encoded interferon-linked host defense peptide. Elife. 2026;12.

    Identified MOTS-c as a mitochondria-encoded host defense peptide and tested its antimicrobial and interferon-linked activity.

    In vitro and animal studyPMID 42611943DOI 10.7554/eLife.87615

    Cited on: MOTS-c

  5. [5] Biçer O, Adanir O, Güleryüz Y, Balci EC, Dinçel YM, Yenigün MY, et al.. Effects of BPC-157 and TB-500 on Achilles tendon healing in rats: A histopathological and biomechanical study. Jt Dis Relat Surg. 2026;37:822-837.

    Compared BPC-157, synthetic thymosin beta 4 (TB-500) and their combination in a rat Achilles tendon model with biomechanical and histological analyses.

    Animal studyPMID 42542926DOI 10.52312/jdrs.2026.2951

    Cited on: TB-500

  6. [6] Yuvaraaj VK, Sharma N. Comprehensive characterization of bremelanotide acetate and its degradants by LC-HRMS/MS and predicting epimerization through computational modelling. Anal Methods. 2026;18:6968-6982.

    Stability-indicating RP-HPLC method and LC-HRMS/MS characterisation of bremelanotide degradation products.

    Analytical chemistryPMID 42485063DOI 10.1039/d6ay01098a

    Cited on: PT-141

  7. [7] Merlino F, Jia L, Boccino I, Carotenuto A, Tammaro F, Santoro F, et al.. Goldilocks-Inspired Design of Mid-Size Macrocycles for Selective Targeting of Human Melanocortin Receptors. J Med Chem. 2026;69:18800-18812.

    Design of mid-size macrocycles for selective melanocortin-receptor targeting, with bremelanotide and setmelanotide as reference macrocycles.

    ChemistryPMID 42340853DOI 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6c01074

    Cited on: PT-141

  8. [8] Puleo N, Allega MF, Niemann CU, Lengyel E. Emerging opportunities for nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) inhibitor clinical translation. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2026;47:638-654.

    Review of opportunities and obstacles for clinical translation of NNMT inhibitors.

    ReviewPMID 42067476DOI 10.1016/j.tips.2026.04.002

    Cited on: 5-Amino-1MQ

  9. [9] Zhang J, Liu M, Ou H, Wang Z, He L, Xiao Y, et al.. BPC157 drives angiogenesis through FBXO22-dependent stabilization of BACH1. Cell Commun Signal. 2026;24.

    Investigated the molecular mechanism of the pro-angiogenic effect of BPC157, reporting an FBXO22 and BACH1 pathway.

    In vitro and animal studyPMID 41606641DOI 10.1186/s12964-026-02694-6

    Cited on: BPC-157

  10. [10] Kolbaev SN, Sharonova IN, Skrebitsky VG. The Effect of Peptide Semax, an ACTH(4-10) Analogue, on Intracellular Calcium Dynamics in Rat Brain Neurons. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2025;179:416-420.

    Measured intracellular calcium dynamics in rat hippocampal and cerebellar slices exposed to Semax.

    In vitroPMID 41171324DOI 10.1007/s10517-025-06501-z

    Cited on: Semax

  11. [11] Al-Dulaimi S, Thomas R, Matta S, Roberts T. Epitalon increases telomere length in human cell lines through telomerase upregulation or ALT activity. Biogerontology. 2025;26:178.

    Measured telomere length and telomerase activity in human cell lines exposed to epitalon. A correction notice has been published for this paper.

    In vitroPMID 40908429DOI 10.1007/s10522-025-10315-x

    Cited on: Epitalon

    PubMed lists a correction notice for this paper (PMID 41240216).

  12. [12] McGuire FP, Martinez R, Lenz A, Skinner L, Cushman DM. Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2025;18:611-619.

    Scoping review of BPC-157 mechanisms, preclinical and clinical data and safety concerns in musculoskeletal research, noting its regulatory status.

    ReviewPMID 40789979DOI 10.1007/s12178-025-09990-7

    Cited on: BPC-157

  13. [13] Vasireddi N, Hahamyan H, Salata MJ, Karns M, Calcei JG, Voos JE, et al.. Emerging Use of BPC-157 in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: A Systematic Review. HSS J. 2025;21:485-495.

    Systematic review of BPC-157 reports in orthopaedic sports medicine.

    Systematic reviewPMID 40756949DOI 10.1177/15563316251355551

    Cited on: BPC-157

  14. [14] Filippenkov IB, Shpetko YY, Ales DA, Stavchansky VV, Denisova AE, Yuzhakov VV, et al.. Genes That Associated with Action of ACTH-like Peptides with Neuroprotective Potential in Rat Brain Regions with Different Degrees of Ischemic Damage. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26.

    Analysed gene expression (RNA-Seq) in rat brain regions after ACTH-like peptides including Semax.

    Animal studyPMID 40650034DOI 10.3390/ijms26136256

    Cited on: Semax

  15. [15] Tomasello MF, Di Rosa MC, Naletova I, Sciacca MFM, Giuffrida A, Maccarrone G, et al.. Semax, a Copper Chelator Peptide, Decreases the Cu(II)-Catalyzed ROS Production and Cytotoxicity of aβ by Metal Ion Stripping and Redox Silencing. Bioinorg Chem Appl. 2025;2025:4226220.

    Examined copper(II) binding by Semax and its effect on Cu(II)-catalysed reactive oxygen species production and amyloid-beta cytotoxicity.

    Chemistry and in vitro studyPMID 40496623DOI 10.1155/bca/4226220

    Cited on: Semax

  16. [16] Araj SK, Brzezik J, Mądra-Gackowska K, Szeleszczuk Ł. Overview of Epitalon-Highly Bioactive Pineal Tetrapeptide with Promising Properties. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26.

    Overview of in vitro, in vivo and in silico studies of epitalon.

    ReviewPMID 40141333DOI 10.3390/ijms26062691

    Cited on: Epitalon

  17. [17] Józwiak M, Bauer M, Kamysz W, Kleczkowska P. Multifunctionality and Possible Medical Application of the BPC 157 Peptide-Literature and Patent Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025;18.

    Literature and patent review of preclinical reports on BPC 157.

    ReviewPMID 40005999DOI 10.3390/ph18020185

    Cited on: BPC-157

  18. [18] Faa G, Messana I, Coni P, Piras M, Pichiri G, Piludu M, et al.. Thymosin β4 and β10 Expression in Human Organs during Development: A Review. Cells. 2024;13.

    Review of the authors' proteomic and tissue data on thymosin beta 4 and beta 10 expression across human organs during development.

    Human tissue study (review)PMID 38994967DOI 10.3390/cells13131115

    Cited on: TB-500

  19. [19] Espinar-Buitrago MS, Vazquez-Alejo E, Magro-Lopez E, Tarancon-Diez L, Leal M, Muñoz-Fernandez MA. Immune modulation via dendritic cells by the effect of Thymosin-alpha-1 on immune synapse in HCMV infection. Int Immunopharmacol. 2023;125:111103.

    Examined thymosin alpha 1 effects on dendritic cells and the immune synapse in a cell culture model of human cytomegalovirus infection.

    In vitroPMID 38149577DOI 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111103

    Cited on: Thymosin α1

  20. [20] Cristea CD, Radu M, Toboc A, Stan C, David V. Cationic exchange SPE combined with triple quadrupole UHPLC-MS/MS for detection of GHRHs in urine samples. Anal Biochem. 2023;682:115336.

    UHPLC-MS/MS method for detecting GHRH analogues in urine for anti-doping analysis.

    Analytical chemistryPMID 37806509DOI 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115336

    Cited on: Tesamorelin

  21. [21] Teramoto S, Tahara S, Hattori Y, Kondo A, Morita A. Assessment of anterior pituitary reserve capacity based on growth hormone response to growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 test in the elderly. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2023;71:101545.

    Analysed growth hormone response to the GHRP-2 diagnostic test in 65 elderly patients with a non-functioning pituitary tumour.

    Human studyPMID 37295337DOI 10.1016/j.ghir.2023.101545

    Cited on: GHRP-2

  22. [22] Mason WJ, Vasilopoulou E. The Pathophysiological Role of Thymosin β4 in the Kidney Glomerulus. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24.

    Review of thymosin beta 4 in kidney glomerular cells and glomerular disease models.

    ReviewPMID 37175390DOI 10.3390/ijms24097684

    Cited on: TB-500

  23. [23] Yuan XC, Tao YX. Ligands for Melanocortin Receptors: Beyond Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones and Adrenocorticotropin. Biomolecules. 2022;12.

    Review of melanocortin receptor ligands beyond melanocyte-stimulating hormones and ACTH.

    ReviewPMID 36291616DOI 10.3390/biom12101407

    Cited on: PT-141

  24. [24] Samms RJ, Zhang G, He W, Ilkayeva O, Droz BA, Bauer SM, et al.. Tirzepatide induces a thermogenic-like amino acid signature in brown adipose tissue. Mol Metab. 2022;64:101550.

    Measured amino-acid profiles in brown adipose tissue after tirzepatide exposure in mice.

    Animal studyPMID 35921984DOI 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101550

    Cited on: Tirzepatide

  25. [25] Suzuki S, Ruike Y, Ishiwata K, Naito K, Igarashi K, Ishida A, et al.. Clinical Usefulness of the Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide-2 Test for Hypothalamic-Pituitary Disorder. J Endocr Soc. 2022;6:bvac088.

    Evaluated the GHRP-2 test as a diagnostic test in patients with hypothalamic-pituitary disorder, including its ACTH response.

    Human studyPMID 35795807DOI 10.1210/jendso/bvac088

    Cited on: GHRP-2

  26. [26] Tomassi S, Dimmito MP, Cai M, D'Aniello A, Del Bene A, Messere A, et al.. CLIPSing Melanotan-II to Discover Multiple Functionally Selective hMCR Agonists. J Med Chem. 2022;65:4007-4017.

    Replaced the lactam cyclisation of melanotan II with scaffold chemistry and profiled functional selectivity at human melanocortin receptors.

    ChemistryPMID 35188390DOI 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01848

    Cited on: Melanotan II

  27. [27] Memdouh S, Gavrilović I, Ng K, Cowan D, Abbate V. Advances in the detection of growth hormone releasing hormone synthetic analogs. Drug Test Anal. 2021;13:1871-1887.

    Review and validation of methods to detect synthetic GHRH analogues in anti-doping samples; notes their WADA prohibition.

    Analytical chemistryPMID 34665524DOI 10.1002/dta.3183

    Cited on: CJC-1295 no DAC

  28. [28] Iyamu ID, Huang R. Mechanisms and inhibitors of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase. RSC Med Chem. 2021;12:1254-1261.

    Review of NNMT mechanisms and inhibitor development.

    ReviewPMID 34458733DOI 10.1039/d1md00016k

    Cited on: 5-Amino-1MQ

  29. [29] Zhang H, Chen LN, Yang D, Mao C, Shen Q, Feng W, et al.. Structural insights into ligand recognition and activation of the melanocortin-4 receptor. Cell Res. 2021;31:1163-1175.

    Cryo-EM structures of full-length human MC4R bound to alpha-MSH, afamelanotide, bremelanotide and a small-molecule ligand.

    Structural biologyPMID 34433901DOI 10.1038/s41422-021-00552-3

    Cited on: PT-141

  30. [30] Roberti A, Fernández AF, Fraga MF. Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase: At the crossroads between cellular metabolism and epigenetic regulation. Mol Metab. 2021;45:101165.

    Review of NNMT at the crossroads of cellular metabolism and epigenetic regulation.

    ReviewPMID 33453420DOI 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101165

    Cited on: 5-Amino-1MQ

  31. [31] Covarrubias AJ, Perrone R, Grozio A, Verdin E. NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021;22:119-141.

    Review of NAD+ metabolism and the roles of NAD+-dependent enzymes (sirtuins, CD38, PARPs) in cellular processes during ageing.

    ReviewPMID 33353981DOI 10.1038/s41580-020-00313-x

    Cited on: NAD+

  32. [32] Willard FS, Douros JD, Gabe MB, Showalter AD, Wainscott DB, Suter TM, et al.. Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist. JCI Insight. 2020;5.

    Measured receptor binding and signalling of tirzepatide at the GIP and GLP-1 receptors, reporting imbalanced and biased agonism.

    In vitroPMID 32730231DOI 10.1172/jci.insight.140532

    Cited on: Tirzepatide

  33. [33] Katsyuba E, Romani M, Hofer D, Auwerx J. NAD+ homeostasis in health and disease. Nat Metab. 2020;2:9-31.

    Review of NAD+ homeostasis, biosynthesis pathways and sirtuin signalling.

    ReviewPMID 32694684DOI 10.1038/s42255-019-0161-5

    Cited on: NAD+

  34. [34] Panikratova YR, Lebedeva IS, Sokolov OY, Rumshiskaya AD, Kupriyanov DA, Kost NV, et al.. Functional Connectomic Approach to Studying Selank and Semax Effects. Dokl Biol Sci. 2020;490:9-11.

    Measured whole-brain resting-state functional connectivity in 52 healthy participants for Selank and Semax.

    Human studyPMID 32342318DOI 10.1134/S001249662001007X

    Cited on: Selank

  35. [35] Vanhee C, Francotte A, Janvier S, Deconinck E. The occurrence of putative cognitive enhancing research peptides in seized pharmaceutical preparations: An incentive for controlling agencies to prepare for future encounters of the kind. Drug Test Anal. 2020;12:371-381.

    Identification of Selank and Semax in seized pharmaceutical preparations by analytical methods. The authors state that neither has completed clinical trials, to their knowledge.

    Analytical chemistryPMID 31667971DOI 10.1002/dta.2717

    Cited on: Selank

  36. [36] Kolik LG, Nadorova AV, Antipova TA, Kruglov SV, Kudrin VS, Durnev AD. Selank, Peptide Analogue of Tuftsin, Protects Against Ethanol-Induced Memory Impairment by Regulating of BDNF Content in the Hippocampus and Prefrontal Cortex in Rats. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2019;167:641-644.

    Measured object-recognition memory and BDNF content in brain structures of rats after long-term ethanol exposure.

    Animal studyPMID 31625062DOI 10.1007/s10517-019-04588-9

    Cited on: Selank

  37. [37] Knudsen LB, Lau J. The Discovery and Development of Liraglutide and Semaglutide. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019;10:155.

    Historical review of the discovery and development of liraglutide and semaglutide.

    ReviewPMID 31031702DOI 10.3389/fendo.2019.00155

    Cited on: Semaglutide

  38. [38] Pickart L, Margolina A. Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19.

    Narrative review of reported GHK-Cu actions on extracellular-matrix, tissue-repair and gene-expression data, including genome-wide expression datasets.

    ReviewPMID 29986520DOI 10.3390/ijms19071987

    Cited on: GHK-Cu

  39. [39] Kim KH, Son JM, Benayoun BA, Lee C. The Mitochondrial-Encoded Peptide MOTS-c Translocates to the Nucleus to Regulate Nuclear Gene Expression in Response to Metabolic Stress. Cell Metab. 2018;28:516-524.e7.

    Showed that MOTS-c translocates to the nucleus under metabolic stress and regulates nuclear gene expression.

    In vitro and animal studyPMID 29983246DOI 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.06.008

    Cited on: MOTS-c

  40. [40] Jung JI, Park KY, Lee Y, Park M, Kim J. Vitamin C-linker-conjugated tripeptide AHK stimulates BMP-2-induced osteogenic differentiation of mouse myoblast C2C12 cells. Differentiation. 2018;101:1-7.

    Examined a vitamin C-linked conjugate of the AHK tripeptide (not the copper complex) on osteoblast differentiation in a cell culture model.

    In vitroPMID 29567599DOI 10.1016/j.diff.2018.03.001

    Cited on: AHK-Cu

  41. [41] Liang YL, Khoshouei M, Glukhova A, Furness SGB, Zhao P, Clydesdale L, et al.. Phase-plate cryo-EM structure of a biased agonist-bound human GLP-1 receptor-Gs complex. Nature. 2018;555:121-125.

    Cryo-EM structure of the human GLP-1 receptor and Gs complex with the biased peptide agonist exendin-P5.

    Structural biologyPMID 29466332DOI 10.1038/nature25773

    Cited on: Semaglutide

  42. [42] Neelakantan H, Vance V, Wetzel MD, Wang HL, McHardy SF, Finnerty CC, et al.. Selective and membrane-permeable small molecule inhibitors of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase reverse high fat diet-induced obesity in mice. Biochem Pharmacol. 2018;147:141-152.

    Tested membrane-permeable methylquinolinium NNMT inhibitors in cell culture and in diet-induced obese mice.

    In vitro and animal studyPMID 29155147DOI 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.11.007

    Cited on: 5-Amino-1MQ

  43. [43] Slominsky PA, Shadrina MI, Kolomin TA, Stavrovskaya AV, Filatova EV, Andreeva LA, et al.. Peptides semax and selank affect the behavior of rats with 6-OHDA induced PD-like parkinsonism. Dokl Biol Sci. 2017;474:106-109.

    Measured behaviour in a rat model of parkinsonism after Semax and Selank.

    Animal studyPMID 28702721DOI 10.1134/S0012496617030048

    Cited on: Selank

  44. [44] Jazayeri A, Rappas M, Brown AJH, Kean J, Errey JC, Robertson NJ, et al.. Crystal structure of the GLP-1 receptor bound to a peptide agonist. Nature. 2017;546:254-258.

    Crystal structure of the full-length GLP-1 receptor bound to a truncated peptide agonist.

    Structural biologyPMID 28562585DOI 10.1038/nature22800

    Cited on: Semaglutide

    PubMed lists a correction notice for this paper (PMID 28700581).

  45. [45] Neelakantan H, Wang HY, Vance V, Hommel JD, McHardy SF, Watowich SJ. Structure-Activity Relationship for Small Molecule Inhibitors of Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase. J Med Chem. 2017;60:5015-5028.

    Structure-activity relationships of small-molecule NNMT inhibitors, identifying N-methylquinolinium scaffolds with low micromolar inhibition (the scaffold class of 5-amino-1MQ).

    Chemistry and in vitro studyPMID 28548833DOI 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00389

    Cited on: 5-Amino-1MQ

  46. [46] Jensen L, Helleberg H, Roffel A, van Lier JJ, Bjørnsdottir I, Pedersen PJ, et al.. Absorption, metabolism and excretion of the GLP-1 analogue semaglutide in humans and nonclinical species. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2017;104:31-41.

    Absorption, metabolism and excretion of radiolabelled semaglutide in healthy human subjects, compared with rat and monkey data.

    Human studyPMID 28323117DOI 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.03.020

    Cited on: Semaglutide

  47. [47] Hsieh MJ, Liu HT, Wang CN, Huang HY, Lin Y, Ko YS, et al.. Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation. J Mol Med (Berl). 2017;95:323-333.

    Examined vessel formation in the chick chorioallantoic membrane and endothelial tube formation assays, and VEGFR2 expression and activation.

    In vitro and animal studyPMID 27847966DOI 10.1007/s00109-016-1488-y

    Cited on: BPC-157

  48. [48] Lee C, Kim KH, Cohen P. MOTS-c: A novel mitochondrial-derived peptide regulating muscle and fat metabolism. Free Radic Biol Med. 2016;100:182-187.

    Review of MOTS-c as a mitochondrial-derived peptide in muscle and fat metabolism.

    ReviewPMID 27216708DOI 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.05.015

    Cited on: MOTS-c

  49. [49] Verdin E. NAD⁺ in aging, metabolism, and neurodegeneration. Science. 2015;350:1208-13.

    Review of NAD+ as a coenzyme and as a cosubstrate for sirtuins and PARPs.

    ReviewPMID 26785480DOI 10.1126/science.aac4854

    Cited on: NAD+

  50. [50] Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:648108.

    Review of GHK in skin biology: collagen and glycosaminoglycan synthesis, metalloproteinase modulation and copper-dependent pathways.

    ReviewPMID 26236730DOI 10.1155/2015/648108

    Cited on: GHK-Cu

  51. [51] Cantó C, Menzies KJ, Auwerx J. NAD(+) Metabolism and the Control of Energy Homeostasis: A Balancing Act between Mitochondria and the Nucleus. Cell Metab. 2015;22:31-53.

    Review of NAD+ metabolism linking energy homeostasis, mitochondria and the nucleus.

    ReviewPMID 26118927DOI 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.05.023

    Cited on: NAD+

  52. [52] Giacomini E, Severa M, Cruciani M, Etna MP, Rizzo F, Pardini M, et al.. Dual effect of Thymosin α 1 on human monocyte-derived dendritic cell in vitro stimulated with viral and bacterial toll-like receptor agonists. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2015;15 Suppl 1:S59-70.

    Measured responses of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells to toll-like receptor agonists in the presence of thymosin alpha 1.

    In vitroPMID 26096650DOI 10.1517/14712598.2015.1019460

    Cited on: Thymosin α1

  53. [53] Lee C, Zeng J, Drew BG, Sallam T, Martin-Montalvo A, Wan J, et al.. The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance. Cell Metab. 2015;21:443-54.

    Identified the MOTS-c open reading frame in mitochondrial DNA and reported its metabolic effects in cells and mice.

    In vitro and animal studyPMID 25738459DOI 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.02.009

    Cited on: MOTS-c

  54. [54] Cox HD, Smeal SJ, Hughes CM, Cox JE, Eichner D. Detection and in vitro metabolism of AOD9604. Drug Test Anal. 2015;7:31-8.

    Detection and in vitro metabolism of AOD9604 for anti-doping analysis; notes its WADA prohibition.

    Analytical chemistryPMID 25208511DOI 10.1002/dta.1715

    Cited on: AOD-9604

  55. [55] Chang CH, Tsai WC, Hsu YH, Pang JH. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 enhances the growth hormone receptor expression in tendon fibroblasts. Molecules. 2014;19:19066-77.

    Examined growth hormone receptor expression in tendon fibroblasts isolated from rat Achilles tendon.

    In vitroPMID 25415472DOI 10.3390/molecules191119066

    Cited on: BPC-157

  56. [56] Birk AV, Chao WM, Bracken C, Warren JD, Szeto HH. Targeting mitochondrial cardiolipin and the cytochrome c/cardiolipin complex to promote electron transport and optimize mitochondrial ATP synthesis. Br J Pharmacol. 2014;171:2017-28.

    Studied SS-31 binding to cardiolipin and its effect on the cytochrome c and cardiolipin complex, electron transport and ATP synthesis.

    Animal studyPMID 24134698DOI 10.1111/bph.12468

    Cited on: SS-31

  57. [57] Birk AV, Liu S, Soong Y, Mills W, Singh P, Warren JD, et al.. The mitochondrial-targeted compound SS-31 re-energizes ischemic mitochondria by interacting with cardiolipin. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;24:1250-61.

    Studied SS-31 interaction with cardiolipin and ATP recovery in ischaemic mitochondria in a kidney model.

    Animal studyPMID 23813215DOI 10.1681/ASN.2012121216

    Cited on: SS-31

  58. [58] Lu SC. Glutathione synthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013;1830:3143-53.

    Review of glutathione biosynthesis and its regulation.

    ReviewPMID 22995213DOI 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.09.008

    Cited on: Glutathione

  59. [59] Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. The human tripeptide GHK-Cu in prevention of oxidative stress and degenerative conditions of aging: implications for cognitive health. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2012;2012:324832.

    Review of GHK-Cu in the context of oxidative stress, copper homeostasis and neuroinflammation.

    ReviewPMID 22666519DOI 10.1155/2012/324832

    Cited on: GHK-Cu

  60. [60] Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12:37-51.

    Review of thymosin beta 4 properties: actin binding, cell migration and reported tissue-repair roles.

    ReviewPMID 22074294DOI 10.1517/14712598.2012.634793

    Cited on: TB-500

  61. [61] Hureau C, Eury H, Guillot R, Bijani C, Sayen S, Solari PL, et al.. X-ray and solution structures of Cu(II) GHK and Cu(II) DAHK complexes: influence on their redox properties. Chemistry. 2011;17:10151-60.

    Solid-state (X-ray) and solution structures of the copper(II) complexes of GHK and DAHK, with spectroscopy of their redox properties.

    ChemistryPMID 21780203DOI 10.1002/chem.201100751

    Cited on: GHK-Cu

  62. [62] Szeto HH, Schiller PW. Novel therapies targeting inner mitochondrial membrane: from discovery to clinical development. Pharm Res. 2011;28:2669-79.

    Review of the discovery and development of peptides targeting the inner mitochondrial membrane, including SS-31.

    ReviewPMID 21638136DOI 10.1007/s11095-011-0476-8

    Cited on: SS-31

  63. [63] Chang CH, Tsai WC, Lin MS, Hsu YH, Pang JH. The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2011;110:774-80.

    Examined tendon fibroblast outgrowth, survival and migration in cultured rat tendon cells exposed to BPC 157.

    In vitroPMID 21030672DOI 10.1152/japplphysiol.00945.2010

    Cited on: BPC-157

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    Review of thymosin alpha 1 effects on T cells, dendritic cells and cytokines, and of recombinant production methods.

    ReviewPMID 20699109DOI 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.07.026

    Cited on: Thymosin α1

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    Overview of the protective roles, measurement and biosynthesis of glutathione.

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    Cited on: Glutathione

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    Review of remodeling-related processes attributed to GHK and GHK-Cu, including copper binding and extracellular-matrix turnover.

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    Cited on: GHK-Cu

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    Tested KPV in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease.

    Animal studyPMID 18092346DOI 10.1002/ibd.20334

    Cited on: KPV

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    Examined whether KPV activity depends on the PepT1 peptide transporter in intestinal epithelial and immune cells and in mouse colitis.

    In vitro and animal studyPMID 18061177DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.10.026

    Cited on: KPV

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    Examined AHK-Cu on human hair follicles ex vivo and on cultured dermal papilla cells.

    Ex vivo and in vitro studyPMID 17703734DOI 10.1007/BF02978833

    Cited on: AHK-Cu

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    Review of preclinical tumour models and the development path of thymosin alpha 1.

    ReviewPMID 17600290DOI 10.1196/annals.1415.044

    Cited on: Thymosin α1

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    Non-clinical pharmacology and safety evaluation of TH9507 (tesamorelin), a growth hormone-releasing factor analogue carrying a trans-3-hexenoyl group, including plasma stability.

    Animal studyPMID 17214611DOI 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00008.x

    Cited on: Tesamorelin

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    Review of melanocortin system physiology: receptors, POMC-derived agonists and endogenous antagonists.

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    Cited on: Melanotan II

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    Examined the pulsatile pattern of growth hormone secretion in healthy adults during continuous CJC-1295 exposure (the albumin-binding form).

    Human studyPMID 17018654DOI 10.1210/jc.2006-1702

    Cited on: CJC-1295 no DAC

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    Randomised, placebo-controlled trials in healthy adults reporting pharmacokinetics, GH and IGF-I pharmacodynamics and safety of CJC-1295 (the albumin-binding form).

    Human studyPMID 16352683DOI 10.1210/jc.2005-1536

    Cited on: CJC-1295 no DAC

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    Examined intracellular signalling of an immobilised alpha-MSH 10-13 peptide in cultured cells, including TNF-alpha stimulated NF-kB activation.

    In vitroPMID 16274845DOI 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.03.062

    Cited on: KPV

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    Albumin bioconjugates of GRF(1-29): stability against peptidase degradation and activity at the GRF receptor in vitro and in vivo.

    ChemistryPMID 15817669DOI 10.1210/en.2004-1286

    Cited on: CJC-1295 no DAC

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    Studied proliferative potential and telomerase in human fetal fibroblasts exposed to epithalon.

    In vitroPMID 15455129DOI 10.1023/b:bebm.0000038164.49947.8c

    Cited on: Epitalon

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    Drug profile of pralmorelin (GHRP-2): its origin, pharmacology and development history.

    ReviewPMID 15230633DOI 10.2165/00126839-200405040-00011

    Cited on: GHRP-2

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    Tested cell-permeable, mitochondria-targeted peptide antioxidants on mitochondrial swelling, cytochrome c release and oxidative cell death.

    In vitro and animal studyPMID 15178689DOI 10.1074/jbc.M402999200

    Cited on: SS-31

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    Genetic study in a human family and in mice linking GPR54 to the onset of puberty.

    Human genetics and animal studyPMID 14573733DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa035322

    Cited on: Kisspeptin-10

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    Lifelong study in female mice of epitalon on biomarkers of ageing, lifespan and spontaneous tumour incidence.

    Animal studyPMID 14501183DOI 10.1023/a:1025114230714

    Cited on: Epitalon

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    Mapped the actin-binding region of thymosin beta 4 and tested its angiogenic activity in endothelial-cell and tissue assays.

    In vitro and animal studyPMID 14500546DOI 10.1096/fj.03-0121fje

    Cited on: TB-500

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    Review of alpha-MSH and related peptides in immunity and inflammation, including receptor expression on immune cells.

    ReviewPMID 12851308DOI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb03172.x

    Cited on: KPV

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    Compared KPV with other melanocortin peptides in a mouse model of crystal-induced peritonitis.

    Animal studyPMID 12750433DOI 10.1124/jpet.103.051623

    Cited on: KPV

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    Studied the beta-adrenergic pathway and lipid metabolism in rodents treated with human growth hormone or AOD9604.

    Animal studyPMID 11713213DOI 10.1210/endo.142.12.8522

    Cited on: AOD-9604

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    Isolation of kisspeptins from human placenta as ligands of GPR54, with receptor binding and signalling in cells.

    Receptor biologyPMID 11457843DOI 10.1074/jbc.M104847200

    Cited on: Kisspeptin-10

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    Cloned the human receptor AXOR12 (GPR54) and showed its activation by KiSS-1 derived peptides.

    Receptor biologyPMID 11387329DOI 10.1074/jbc.M102743200

    Cited on: Kisspeptin-10

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    Identified the KiSS-1 gene product peptide as the ligand of an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor and measured receptor activation.

    Receptor biologyPMID 11385580DOI 10.1038/35079135

    Cited on: Kisspeptin-10

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    Studied metabolic actions of AOD9604 in obese Zucker rats, including adipose tissue changes.

    Animal studyPMID 11146367DOI 10.1159/000053183

    Cited on: AOD-9604

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    Measured bone mineral content in young adult female rats exposed to ipamorelin or GHRP-6.

    Animal studyPMID 10828840DOI 10.1677/joe.0.1650569

    Cited on: Ipamorelin

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    Purification of ghrelin from stomach as the endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor.

    Receptor biologyPMID 10604470DOI 10.1038/45230

    Cited on: Ipamorelin

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    Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modelling of ipamorelin and growth hormone concentrations in healthy volunteers.

    Human studyPMID 10496658DOI 10.1023/a:1018955126402

    Cited on: Ipamorelin

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    Measured wound re-epithelialisation and contraction in a rat full-thickness wound model.

    Animal studyPMID 10469335DOI 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00708.x

    Cited on: TB-500

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    Measured longitudinal bone growth rate, body weight and growth hormone release in adult female rats.

    Animal studyPMID 10373343DOI 10.1054/ghir.1999.9998

    Cited on: Ipamorelin

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    Describes the pharmacology of ipamorelin: growth hormone release in vitro and in animals, and selectivity against other pituitary hormones.

    In vitro and animal studyPMID 9849822DOI 10.1530/eje.0.1390552

    Cited on: Ipamorelin

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    Medicinal-chemistry series derived from ipamorelin, with growth hormone release measured in vitro and in animals.

    ChemistryPMID 9733495DOI 10.1021/jm9801962

    Cited on: Ipamorelin

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    Review of GHRH receptor signal transduction, gene expression and physiological function.

    ReviewPMID 8993403DOI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb17483.x

    Cited on: CJC-1295 no DAC, Sermorelin, Tesamorelin

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    Review of synthetic growth hormone-releasing peptides: clinical and basic aspects in animals and humans.

    ReviewPMID 8950613DOI 10.1159/000185015

    Cited on: Sermorelin

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    Cloning of the pituitary and hypothalamic G-protein-coupled receptor targeted by growth hormone secretagogues.

    Receptor biologyPMID 8688086DOI 10.1126/science.273.5277.974

    Cited on: Ipamorelin, GHRP-2

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    Pilot phase I study of melanotan-II in a small group of healthy volunteers (1996).

    Human studyPMID 8637402DOI 10.1016/0024-3205(96)00160-9

    Cited on: Melanotan II

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    Cloning and expression of the pituitary GHRH receptor, with ligand binding and cAMP production in transfected cells.

    Receptor biologyPMID 1333056DOI 10.1210/mend.6.10.1333056

    Cited on: CJC-1295 no DAC, Sermorelin

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    Measured collagen synthesis in cultured fibroblasts exposed to the GHK-Cu complex over a range of concentrations.

    In vitroPMID 3169264DOI 10.1016/0014-5793(88)80509-x

    Cited on: GHK-Cu

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    Measured degradation and aggregation of DSIP and two analogues in human and rat blood plasma and serum.

    In vitroPMID 3628078DOI 10.1016/0196-9781(87)90031-3

    Cited on: DSIP

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    Update review of the DSIP literature on sleep and other effects in animals and humans.

    ReviewPMID 3550726DOI 10.1016/0196-9781(86)90148-8

    Cited on: DSIP

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    Annual Review of Biochemistry chapter on glutathione.

    ReviewPMID 6137189DOI 10.1146/annurev.bi.52.070183.003431

    Cited on: Glutathione

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    Isolation and amino-acid sequence of a 44-residue growth hormone-releasing peptide from a human pancreatic tumour, with a synthetic replicate.

    ChemistryPMID 6812220DOI 10.1126/science.6812220

    Cited on: Sermorelin

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    Isolation and characterisation of growth hormone-releasing factor from a human pancreatic islet tumour.

    ChemistryPMID 6292724DOI 10.1038/300276a0

    Cited on: Sermorelin

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    Amino-acid analysis, sequence and synthesis of the nonapeptide DSIP, with activity testing.

    ChemistryPMID 568769DOI 10.1007/BF00581575

    Cited on: DSIP

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    Isolation of DSIP from rabbit cerebral venous blood, sequence determination and EEG tests of the peptide and analogues in rabbits.

    Animal study and chemistryPMID 265572DOI 10.1073/pnas.74.3.1282

    Cited on: DSIP

Data for AI assistants: /api/ai/citations.json.

Data dates: citations read from PubMed 2026-10-05.